Smart farming has emerged as a promising approach to address the agriculture industry’s significant contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, the effectiveness of current smart farming practices in mitigating GHG emissions remains a matter of ongoing debate. This review paper provides an in-depth examination of the current state of GHG emissions in smart farming, highlighting the limitations of existing practices in reducing GHG emissions and introducing innovative strategies that leverage the advanced capabilities of 6G-enabled IoT (6G-IoT). By enabling precise resource management, facilitating emission source identification and mitigation, and enhancing advanced emission reduction techniques, 6G-IoT integration offers a transformative solution for managing GHG emissions in agriculture. However, while smart agriculture focuses on technological applications for immediate efficiency gains, it also serves as a crucial component of sustainable agriculture by providing the tools necessary for long-term environmental supervision and resource sustainability. As a result, this study also contributes to sustainable agriculture by providing insights and guiding future advancements in smart farming, particularly in the context of 6G-IoT, to develop more effective GHG mitigation strategies for smart farming applications, promoting a more sustainable agricultural future.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is gaining popularity and market share, driven by its ability to connect devices and systems that were previously siloed, enabling new applications and services in a cost-efficient manner. Thus, the IoT fuels societal transformation and enables groundbreaking innovations like autonomous transport, robotic assistance, and remote healthcare solutions. However, when considering the Internet of Remote Things (IoRT), which refers to the expansion of IoT in remote and geographically isolated areas where neither terrestrial nor cellular networks are available, internet connectivity becomes a challenging issue. Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) are increasingly gaining popularity as a solution to provide connectivity in remote areas due to the growing integration of satellites and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with cellular networks. In this survey, we provide the technological framework for NTNs and Remote IoT, followed by a classification of the most recent scientific research on NTN-based IoRT systems. Therefore, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in IoRT and identify emerging research areas with high potential. In conclusion, we present and discuss 3GPP’s roadmap for NTN standardization, which aims to establish an energy-efficient IoRT environment in the 6G era.

Throughout human history, agriculture has undergone a series of progressive transfor-
mations based on ever-evolving technologies in an effort to increase productivity and profitability.
Over the years, farming methods have evolved significantly, progressing from Agriculture 1.0, which
relied on primitive tools, to Agriculture 2.0, which incorporated machinery and advanced farming
practices, and subsequently to Agriculture 3.0, which emphasized mechanization and employed
intelligent machinery and technology to enhance productivity levels. To further automate and
increase agricultural productivity while minimizing agricultural inputs and pollutants, a new ap-
proach to agricultural management based on the concepts of the fourth industrial revolution is being
embraced gradually. This approach is referred to as “Agriculture 4.0” and is mainly implemented
through the use of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, enabling the remote control of sensors and
actuators and the efficient collection and transfer of data. In addition, fueled by technologies such
as robotics, artificial intelligence, quantum sensing, and four-dimensional communication, a new
form of smart agriculture, called “Agriculture 5.0,” is now emerging. Agriculture 5.0 can exploit
the growing 5G network infrastructure as a basis. However, only 6G-IoT networks will be able
to offer the technological advances that will allow the full expansion of Agriculture 5.0, as can be
inferred from the relevant scientific literature and research. In this article, we first introduce the
scope of Agriculture 5.0 as well as the key features and technologies that will be leveraged in the
much-anticipated 6G-IoT communication systems. We then highlight the importance and influence
of these developing technologies in the further advancement of smart agriculture and conclude with
a discussion of future challenges and opportunities.

During the last years, a continuous convergence and fusion of computing and networking systems is stressed in the ICT research community. Context awareness appears to be a major research "glue-point" of such kind of heterogeneous environments' integration. In this survey paper, we aim to assemble all the "puzzle-pieces" of the emerging research area of Context Aware Mobile and Wireless Networking (CAMoWiN) in order to provide the reader a holistic representation of the work having been done in the past emphasizing in recent research efforts. A precise definition of abstract Context Aware (CA) functionalities together with a clear classification of related state-of-the-art proposals are provided in the form of a proposed taxonomy scheme per CA functionality. Each taxonomy scheme can also serve as a sufficiently general framework permitting the easy classification of novel CAMoWiN solutions emerging in the near future. Therefore, our study not only defines all the possible components of a CAMoWiN architecture and clearly points out the similarities and differences of all research efforts in the field but also evaluates future research trends and paves the way for the researchers to work beyond the concepts investigated in this work. Finally, apart from identifying the open challenges, which arise when applying traditional concepts of pervasive computing to mobile and wireless networks, we further map them to the Mobile Cloud Computing paradigm, whose concepts appear to be very promising regarding next generation networking and computing environments' integration.